Friday, November 29, 2019
Fund Flow Statement Essay Example
Fund Flow Statement Paper FUNDS FLOW STATEMENT Meaning The term â€Å"Flow†means change and therefore, the term â€Å"Flow of Funds†means â€Å"Change in Funds†or â€Å"Change in Working Capital â€Å". In other works, any increase or decrease in working capital means â€Å"Flow of Funds†. There are two concepts of working capital – gross concept and net concept. †¢ Gross working capital refers to the firm’s investment in current assets †¢ Net working capital means excess of current assets over current liabilities. In business several transactions take place. Some of these transactions increase the funds while others decrease the funds. Some may not make any change in the funds position. In case a transaction results in increase in funds, it will be termed as â€Å"source of funds†. Eg. 1. Issue of shares         inflow of funds           source of fund       2. Purchase of assets        leads to outgo of funds       application of funds According to the International Accounting Standard 7, the term ‘Fund’ refers to cash, to cash and cash equivalent, or to working capital. The term ‘flow’ refers to change and therefore the term ‘Funds flow†refers to ‘change in funds’ or ‘change in working capital’. In other words, any increase or decrease in working capital means ‘flow of funds’. Working capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities  | | |CURRENT ASSETS |CURRENT LIABILITIES | | | | | | | |Cash and bank balances |Accounts payable | |Inventory Sundry creditors | |Sundry Debtors |Bank overdraft | |Temporary investments |Unclaimed dividends | |Pre-paid expenses |Provision for taxation* | |Outstanding incomes |Proposed dividends* | |Accounts receivables |Short term loans | |Bills receivables | | | | | *Provision for Taxation: It can be treated in two ways: 1. Treated as current liability: when there is no income tax paid or additional provision made it is treated as current liability. We will write a custom essay sample on Fund Flow Statement specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Fund Flow Statement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Fund Flow Statement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It can be taken to schedule of changes in working capital. No further treatment is required. 2. Treated as non-current liability: A ledger account (Provision for taxation a/c) is prepared. Sometimes we may have to arrive at income tax paid during the year from the given information. *Proposed Dividend: It can be treated in two ways: 1. Treated as current liability: Proposed dividend may be taken as Current liability since declaration of dividends by share holders is simply a formality. It is taken to schedule of changes in working capital with no further treatment. 2. Treated as non-current liability: Proposed dividend can be taken as an appropriation of profit. In such a case, proposed dividend for the current year will be added back to current year’s profit in order to find out funds from operations if such amount of dividend has already been charged to profit. Payment of dividend will be shown as an application of fund. NON CURRENT ASSETS AND NON CURRENT LIABILITIES |NON CURRENT LIABILITIES |NON CURRENT ASSETS | |Share capital |Fixed assets | |Long term loans |Fictitious assets like goodwill, patents, copyrights, | |Debentures |trademarks. |Share premium a/c |Long term investments | |Forfeited shares a/c |Profit and loss a/c (debit balance) | |Profit and loss a/c (credit bal) |Discount on issue of shares debentures | |Appropriation of profits |Deferred expenditures like preliminary expenses, advertising| |Provision for taxation |expenses. | |Provision for depreciation | | |Capital reserve | | | | | Non fund Transaction: If the funds are Rs. 10000 and a fixed asset of Rs. 5000 is purchased by issuing shares of Rs. 000 the fund s position will not change and therefore this transaction will be taken as a non-fund transaction. BALANCE SHEET as on †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. |Non-current liabilities: | |Non-current Asset | | |Share Capital: | |Goodwill |50000 | |16% Redeemable Preference Shares of | |Buildings |1,00,000 | |Rs. 10 each | |Plant |1,00,000 | | |1,00,000 |Furniture |  50,000 | |Equity shares of Rs. 0 each | |Long term Investment | 50,000 | | |1,00,000 | | | |Long term Loans: | | | | |12%Debenture |1,00,000 | | | |Loan on Mortgage |  50,000 | | | |Reserves Surplus: | | | | |General reserve |1,00,000 | | | |Profit Loss a/c |  50,000 | | | |Total non-current liabilities | |Total Non-current Assets | | | |5,00,000 | |3,50,000 | |Current liabilities: | |Current Assets: | | |Sundry creditors | 50,000 |Sundry Debtors |  80,000 | |Bills Payable | 50,000 |Bills receivable |  50,000 1,00,000| |Bank Overdraft | 25,000 |Inventories |  50,000 | |Outstanding expenses  25,000 |Pre-paid Expenses |  20,000 | | | |Cash balance | | |Total current liabilities |1,50,000 |Total current assets |3,00,000 | |Total liabilities |6,50,000 |Total assets |6,50,000 | Computation of Working capital: CURRENT ASSETS                          Rs. 3,00,000 CURRENT LIABILITIES              Rs. 1,50,000 NET WORKING CAPITAL             1,50,000 There will be flow of funds on account of change in working capital position. A few independent transactions are given below and the effect of each of the transaction on flow of funds is determined. 1. The company realizes Rs. 20,000 from its debtors. †¢ Debtors will reduce from Rs. 80,000              to Rs. 60,000 †¢ Cash balance will increase from Rs. 20000 to Rs. 40,000 CURRENT ASSETS                          Rs. 3,00,000 CURRENT LIABILITIES              Rs. 1,50,000 ___________ NET WORKING CAPITAL            1,50,000 ___________ There will be flow of funds on account of change in working capital position. †¢ This transaction will not bring any change in the working capital because it is simply conversion of one current asset into another current asset. 2. The company pays to its creditors a sum of Rs. 10,000 out of the cash balance. †¢ Cash balance gets reduced from Rs. 20,000 to Rs. 10,000                   †¢ Sundry creditors will stand reduced from Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 40,000 CURRENT ASSETS                          Rs. 2,90,000 CURRENT LIABILITIES                  Rs. 1,40,000                                                   ________ WORKING CAPITAL                                1,50,000                                                   ________ There will be no change in working capital position 3. The company purchases furniture of Rs. 10,000 by raising long-term loans of Rs. 10,000. This transaction will not have any effect on working capital position, since the transaction involves non-current asset and a non-current liability which are not the constituents of working capital. 4. The company redeems preference shares of Rs. 1,00,000 by issuing 12% debentures of Rs. 1,00,000. †¢ This transaction will not involve any change in the working capital since both the accounts involved are not the constituents of the working capital. 5. The company raises Rs. 50,000 in cash by issue of new shares. †¢ This transaction will increase the cash balance of the company from Rs. 20,000 to Rs. 70,000. The working capital position will be : Current Assets      Rs. 3,50,000 Current LiabilitiesÂ à ‚ Rs. 1,50,000 __________ Working capital           2,00,000 ___________ This transaction will increase the W. C 6. The company sells its building having a book value of Rs. 50,000 for a sum of Rs. 60,000. †¢ This transaction will increase the cash balance with the company from Rs. 20,000 to Rs. 80,000. Current Assets      Rs. 3,60,000 Current Liabilities  Rs. 1,50,000 __________ Working capital           2,10,000 ___________ This transaction will increase the W. C From the above, the following general rules can be formed: 1. There will be flow of funds if a transaction involves: †¢ Current assets and fixed assets, e. g. purchase of building for cash †¢ Current assets and capital, e. g. , issue of shares for cash †¢ Current assets and fixed liabilities, e. g. edemption of debentures in cash †¢ Current liabilities and fixed liabilities, e. g. Creditors paid off in debentures †¢ Current liabilities and capital, e. g. , creditors paid off in shares. †¢ Current liabilities and fixed assets, e. g. building tr ansferred to creditors in satisfaction of their claims 2. There will be no flow of funds if a transaction involves. †¢ Current assets and current liabilities, e. g. , payment made to creditors through cash †¢ Fixed assets and fixed liabilities, e. g. , building purchased and payments made in debentures. †¢ Fixed assets and capital, e. g. building purchased and payment made in shares Funds Flow Diagram CURRENT ASSETS CASH IN HAND AT BANK MARKETABLE INVESTMENTS RECEIVABLES STOCKS PREPAID EXPENSES FIXED ASSETS: GOOD WILL BUILDING PLANT AND MACHINERY FUTURE AND FIXTURES LONG TERM INVESTMENTS CURRENT LIABILITIES BANK OVERDRAFT OUTSTANDING EXPENSES ACCOUNTS PAYBLE NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES       SHARE CAPITAL RESERVES AND SURPLUS DEBENTURES LONG TERM LOANS Flow Funds                                       No Flow of Funds ISSUE OF SHARES LONG-TERM BORROWINGS OPERATIONAL PROFIT SALE OF FIXED ASSETS FUNDS PAYMENT OF TAX / DIVIDEND OPERATIONAL LOSS PAYMENT OF LONG-TERM LOANS PURCHASE OF FIXED ASSET REDEMPTION OF PREF. SHARES Sources Uses APPLICATIONS Rules for preparing the schedule of changes in working capital: †¢ Increase in a current asset, results in increase                           (+) in â€Å"working capital††¢ Decrease in a current asset, results in decrease              (-) in â€Å"working capital††¢ Increase in a current liability, results in decrease              (-) in â€Å"working capital††¢ Decrease in a current liability, results increase                           (+) in â€Å"working capital†. Illustration: From the following balance sheets of X Ltd, on 31st December, 1985 and 1986, you are required to prepare. (a) A schedule of changes on working capital (b) A Funds Flow Statement |Liabilities |1985 |1986 |Asset |1985 |198 6 | | |Rs. |Rs. |Rs. |Rs. | |Share Capital |1,00,000 |1,00,000 |Goodwill |12,000 |12,000 | |General Reserve |14,000 |18,000 |Building |40,000 |36,000 | |Profit Loss A/c |16,000 |13,000 |Plant |37,000 |36,000 | |Sundry Creditors |8,000 |5,400 |Investments |10,000 |11,000 | |Bills Payable |1,200 |800 |Stock |30,000 |23,400 |Provision for Taxation |16,000 |18,000 |Bills Receivable |2,000 |3,200 | |Provision for Doubtful Debts |400 |600 |Debtors |18,000 |19,000 | | | | |Cash at Bank |6,600 |15,200 | |Total |1,55,600 |1,55,800 | |1,55,600 |1,55,800 | The following additional information has also been given: (i)  Depreciation charged on plant was Rs. 4,000 and on Building Rs. 4,000 (ii)  Provision for Taxation of Rs. 19,000 was made during the year 1986. (iii) Interim Dividend of Rs. 8,000 was paid during the year 1986. Solution SCHEDULE OF CHANGES IN WORKING CAPITAL |Particulars |1985 |1986 |Increase (+) |Decrease (-) | | |Rs. |Rs. |Rs. |Rs. |Current As sets: | | | | | |Cash at Bank |6,600 |15,200 |8,600 | | |Debtors |18,000 |19,000 |1,000 | | |Bills Receivable |2,000 |3,200 |1,200 | | |Stock |30,000 |23,400 | |6,600 | |Current Liabilities : | | | | | |Provision for doubtful debts |400 |600 | |200 | |Bill Payable |1,200 |800 |400 | | |Sundry Creditors |8,000 |5,400 |2,600 | | |Total | | |13,800 |6,800 | |Net Increase in Working Capital | | |7,000 | | FUNDS FLOW STATEMENT |Particulars |Rs. |Sources : | | |Funds from Operations      (See Note 1) |36,000 | |                                                                                          Total Sources |36,000 | |Applications: | | |Purchase of Plant              (See Note 2) |3,000 | |Tax paid                             (See Note 3) |17,000 | |Investments purchased      (See Note 4) |1,000 | |Interim Dividend paid |8,000 | |                                                                                   Total Applications |29,000 | |Net Increase in Working Capital |7,000 | Working Notes 1. Funds from Operations: |Particulars |Rs. |Rs. | |        Profit Loss account Balance on 31st Dec. , 1986 | |13,000 | |Add : Items which do not decrease Funds from Operations: |à ‚ | | |         Transfer to General Reserve |4,000 | | |         Provision Tax |19. 00 | | |         Depreciation : | | | |Plant |4,000 | | |Building |4,000 | | |         Interim Dividend P’ble [Prov] |8,000 |39,000 | | | |52,000 | |Less: Profit Loss A/c balance 31st Dec. , 1985 | |16,000 | |         Funds from operations for the year | |36,000 | 2. Purchase of plant. This has been found out by preparing the plant Account. PLANT ACCOUNT |Particulars |Rs. |Particulars |Rs. |To Balance b/d |37,000 |By Depreciation |4,000 | |To Bank (purchase of plant balancing figure) |3,000 |By Balance c/d |36,000 | | |40,000 | |40,000 | 3. Tax paid during the year has been found out by preparing a provision for Tax Account PROVISION FOR TAX ACCOUNT |Particulars |Rs. |Particulars |Rs. | |To Bank (bei ng tax paid – bal fig) |17,000 |By Op. Balance b/f |16,000 | |To Cl. Balance c/d |    18,000 |By Prov. P L. A/c |19,000 | | |35,000 | |35,000 | 4. Investments’ have been taken as a fixed asset presuming that they are long-term investment. Illustration: Balance Sheet of M/s Black and White as on 1-1-1988 and 31-12-1988 were as follows: BALANCE SHEET |Liability |1-1-88 |31-12-88 |Asset |1-1-88 |31-12-88 | | |Rs. |Rs. | |Rs. |Rs. | |Creditors |40,000 |44,000 |Cash |10,000 |7,000 | |Mr. White’s Loan |25,000 |- |Debtors |30,000 |50,000 | |Loan from P. N Bank |40,000 |50,000 |Stock |35,000 |25,000 | |Capital |1,25,000 |1,53,000 |Machinery |80,000 |55,000 | | | | |Land |40,000 |50,000 | | | | |Building |35,000 |60,000 | | |2,30,000 |2,47,000 | |2,30,000 |2,47,000 | During the year machine costing Rs. 10,000 (accumulated depreciation Rs. 3,000) was sold for Rs. 5,000. The Provision for Depreciation against machinery as on 1-1-1988 was Rs. 25,000 and on 31-12-1988 Rs. 40,000. Net Profit for the 1988 amounted to Rs. 45,000. You are required to prepare Funds (Working Capital) Flow Statement. Solution: Funds Flow Statement For the year ending 31. 12. 1988 Particulars |Rs | |Source | | |Loan from P N Bank |10,000 | |Sale of P M                    [See Working Notes] |5,000 | |Funds from Operations     [See Working Notes] |65,000 | |Total                                                                                              |80,000 | |[1] | | |Application | | |White’s Loan repaid |25,000 | |Partners’ Drawings           [See Working Notes] |17,000 | |Purchase of Land |10,000 | |Purchase of Building |25,000 | |Total                                                                                              |77,000 | |[2] | | |Increase in Working Capital                                                [1 – 2] |3,000 | Schedule of Changes in Working Capital |Particulars |1. 1. 88 |31. 12. 8 |Increase |Decrease | |Current Assets | | | | | |Cash |10,000 |7,000 | |3,000 | |Debtors |30,000 |50,000 |20,000 | | |Stock |35,000 |25,000 | |10,000 | |Current Liabilities | | | | | |Creditors |40,000 |44,000 | |4,000 | | | | |20,000 |17,000 | |Increase in Working Capital | | |3,000 | | Working Notes: Funds from Operations Net Profit made during the year |45,000 | |Add: Loss on Sale of Machine [Non-operating expense] |2,000 | |[BV (Cost – Depr’n) – Cash realized] = [(10000 – 3000) – 5000] | | |Add:Depreciation on Machinery [See Prov. for depr’n on P M A/c] |18,000 | |Funds from Operations for the year |65,000 | N. B: Details about Depreciation on Buildings not provided for in the exercise. Hence, depreciation on building is not considered for arriving at Funds from operations. Capital A/c |Particulars |Rs. |Particulars |Rs. | |To Drawings a/c [Bal. fig. ] |17,000 |By Balance b/d |1,25,000 | |To Balance c/d |1,53,000 |By P L a/c [Profit for the yr] |45,000 | |Total |1,70,000 |Total |1,70,000 | Machinery Account |Particulars |Rs. |Particulars |Rs. |To Balance b/d |1,05,000 |By Provision for Depreciation on Machinery |3,000 | | | |sold | | | | |By Bank – P M sold |5,000 | | | |By Loss on Machinery sold [Balancing |2,000 | | | |figure] | | | | |By Balance c/d |95,000 | |Total |1,05,000 |Total |1,05,000 | Provision for Depreciation on Machinery |Particulars |Rs. |Particulars |Rs. | |To Machinery a/c 3,000 |By Balance b/d |25,000 | |[Prov. on P M sold] | | | | |To Balance c/d |40,000 |By P L a/c [depreciation provided drg. |18,,000 | | | |the year [Balancing figure] | | |Total |43,000 |Total |43,000 | Illustration: The following are the sum marized Balance sheets of Vivek Ltd. as on 31. 12. 1990 and 31. 12. 1991. Liabilities |1990 |1991 | | |Rs |Rs | |Share Capital |12,00,000 |16,00,000 | |Debentures |4,00,000 |6,00,000 | |P L A/c |2,50,000 |5,00,000 | |Creditors |2,30,000 |1,80,000 | |Provisions for: | | | |Bad Doubtful debts |12,000 |6,000 | |Depreciation on Land Bldng. |40,000 |48,000 | |Depreciation on Plant Machinery |60,000 |70,000 | |Total |21,92,000 |30,04,000 | |Assets |1990 |1991 | | |Rs |Rs | |Plant Machinery [At cost]              |12,90,000 | | |8,00,000 | | |Land Building [At cost] |6,00,000 |8,00,000 | |Stock |6,00,000 |7,00,000 | |Bank |40,000 |80,000 | |Preliminary Expenses |14,000 |12,000 | |Debtors |1,38,000 |1,22,000 | |Total |21,92,000 |30,04,000 | Additional Information: 1. During the year, a part of the machinery, costing Rs. 1,40,000 [accumulated depreciation thereon Rs. 4,000], was sold for Rs. 12,000. 2. Dividend of Rs. 1,00,000 was p aid during the year. Ascertain: 1. Change in Working capital for 1991. 2. Funds Flow statement for 1991. Solution: Particulars |Increase [+] |Decrease [-] | |Current Assets | | | |Stock |             1,00,000 | | |Bank |40,000 | | |Debtors | |16,000 | |Current Liabilities | | | |Creditors |50,000 | | |Provision for Doubtful Debts |6,000 | | | |1,96,000 |16,000 | |Increase in Working capital |1,80,000 | | Funds Flow Statement |Particulars | |Rs. |Sources: | | | |Issue of Shares | |4,00,000 | |Issue of Debentures | |2,00,000 | |Sale of Machinery |Working Note : 2 |12,000 | |Funds from Operations | |4,98,000 | |Total of Sources [A] | |11,10,000 | Applications: | | | |Purchase of Plant Machinery |Working Note : 1 |6,30,000 | |Purchase of Land Building | |2,00,000 | |Payment of Dividend | |1,00,000 | |Total Uses [B] | |9,30,000 | |Increase in Wor king Capital [A – B] | |1,80,000 | Working Notes: 1 Plant Machinery A/c |Particulars |Rs. |Particulars |Rs. | |To Balance B/d |8,00,000 |By Bank |12,000 | |To Bank [Purchase of P M – Balancing |6,30,000 |By P L a/c [loss on sale] |1,24,000 | |Fig. | | | | | | |By Provision for Dep. |4,000 | | | |[On Plant sold] | | | | |By balance C/d |12,90,000 | |Total |14,30,000 |Total |14,30,000 | Working Notes: 2 Provision for Depreciation on Plant Machinery A/c |Particulars |Rs. |Particulars |Rs. |To Plant Machinery [Depreciation on Plant |4,000 |By Balance B/d |60,000 | |sold] | | | | |To Balance C/d |70,000 |By P L a/c [Balancing Fig. ] |14,000 | |Total |74,000 |Total |74,000 | Working Notes: 3 Adjusted P L A/c |Particulars |Rs. |Particulars |Rs. | |To Dividend |1,00,000 |By Balance B/d |2,50,000 | |To Prov. for Depreciation: | |By Funds from Operations [Balancing Fig. ]|4,98,000 | |- Land Bldng. 8,000 | | | |- Plant Machinery |14,000 | | | |To Loss on sale of  |1,24,000 | | | |    Machinery                                | | | | |To Preliminary Exp’s written- |2,000 | | | |    Off | | | | |To Balance C/d |5,00,000 | | | | |7,48,000 | |7,48,000 | Illustration: From the following Balance Sheet prepare: 1. Statement of Changes in Working Capital and 2. Funds Flow Statement BALANCE SHEET Liability |1990 |1991 |Asset |1990 |1991 | | |Rs. |Rs. | |Rs. |Rs. | |Equity Share Capital |3,00,000 |3,50,000 |Fixed Assets [Net] |5,10,000 |6,20,000 | |9% Preference Share Capital |2,00,000 |1,00,000 |Investments |30,000 |80,000 | |Debentures |1,00,000 |2,00,000 |Current Assets |2,40,000 |3,75,000 | |P L A/c |1,10,000 |2,70,000 |Discount on Debentures |10,000 |5,000 | |Prov. or Doubtful debts |10,000 |15,000 | | | | |Current Liabilities |70,000 |1,45 ,000 | | | | | |7,90,000 |10,80,000 | |7,90,000 |10,80,000 | Additional Information: 1. Preference Shares were redeemed at a premium of 5% during the year 1991. 2. Dividend at 15% on Equity Share for the year 1190 and Preference dividend for 1990 were paid. 3. The Provision for Depreciation stood at Rs. 1,50,000 and Rs. 1,90,000 for the year 1990 and 1991 respectively. 4. A machine costing Rs. 70,000, depreciation written off Rs. 30,000 was disposed off for Rs. 25,000. Solution: Step 1: Schedule of changes in Working Capital Particulars |1990 |1991 |Increase [+] |Decrease [-] | |Current Assets |2,40,000 |3,75,000 |1,35,000 | | |Total Current Assets |2,40,000 |3,75,000 |             | | | | | | | | |Current Liabilities |70,000 |1,45,000 | |75,000 | |Prov. or Doubtful debts |10,000 |15,000 | |5,000 | |Total Current Liabilities |80,000 |1,60,000 | | | |Working Capital [A – B] |1,60,000 |2,15,000 | | | |Net Increase in Working capital |55,000 | | |55,000 | |Total |2,15,000 |2,15,000 |1,35,000 |1,35,000 | Step 2: Ledger Accounts for all Non-Current Assets and Liabilities Fixed Assets A/c |Particulars |Rs. |Particulars |Rs. | |To Op. Balance B/d |6,60,000 |By Depreciation A/c |30,000 | |[5,10,000 + 1,50,000] | | | | |To Cash A/c [Purchases] |2,20,000 |By Cah a/c [Sale] |25,000 | |[Trf. to Funds Flow Stnt. – Bal. Fig. ] | |[Trf. to Funds Flow Stnt. | | | | |By Adjusted P L A/c |15,000 | | | |[Loss on Sale] | | | | |By Cl. Balance C/d |8,10,000 | | | |[6,20,000 + 1,90,000] | | | |8,80,000 | |8,80,000 | Depreciation A/c |Particulars |Rs. |Particulars |Rs. |To Machinery |30,000 |By Op. Balance B/d |1,50,000 | |[5,10,000 + 1,50,000] | | | | |To Cl. Balance C/d |1,90,000 |By Adjusted P L A/c |70,000 | | | |[Depreciation for Current yr. ] | | | |2,20,000 | |2,20,000 | Discount on Debenture A/c Particulars |Rs. |Particulars |Rs. | |To Op. Balance B/d |10,000 |By Adjusted P L A/c |5,000 | | | |[Balancing Fig. ] | | | | |By Cl. Balance C/d |5,000 | | |10,000 | |10,000 | Equity Share Capital A/c Particulars |Rs. |Particulars |Rs. | |To Cl.. Balance C/d |3,50,000 |By Op. Balance B/d |3,00,000 | | | |By Cash A/c [Issue of Shares |50,000 | | |3,50,000 | |3,50,000 | Investments A/c |Particulars |Rs. |Particulars |Rs. | |To Op. Balance B/d |30,000 |By Cl. Balance C/d |80,000 | |To Cash A/c [addl. Investment made] [trf. to|50,000 | | | |Funds Flow Stnt. – Bal. Fig. ] | | | | | |80,000 | |80,000 | 8% Preference Share Capital A/c |Particulars |Rs. |Particulars |Rs. | |To Cash A/c [Redemption at 5% premium] |1,05,000 |By Op. Balance B/d |2,00,000 | |[1,00,000 + 5,000] | | | | |To Cl. Balance C/d |1,00,000 |By Adjusted P L A/c [Premium] |5,000 | | |2,05,000 | |2,05,000 | Debentures A/c |Particulars |Rs. |Particulars |Rs. | |To Cl. Balance C/d |2,00,000 |By Op. Balance B/d |1,00,000 | | | |By Cash A/c [Issued] [Trf to Funds Flow |1,00,000 | | |Stnt. ] | | | |2,00,000 | |2,00,000 | Step 3: Adjusted Profit and Loss A/c |Particulars |Rs. |Particulars |Rs. | |To Loss on Machinery |15,000 |By Balance C/d |1,10,000 | |To Depreciation A/c |70,000 |By Funds from Operation [Balancing Fig. ] |3,16,000 | |To Premium on redemption of Pref. Shares |5,000 | | | |To dividends on Equity Shares |45,000 | | | |To Dividends on Preference Shares |16,000 | | | |To Discount on Debentures |5,000 | | | |To Balance C/d |2,70,000 | | | | |4,26,000 | |4,26,000 | Step 4: Funds Flow Statement |Sources |Rs. |Applications |Rs. |Issue of Shares |50,000 |Redemption of Preference Shares |1,05,000 | |Issue of Debentures |1,00,000 |Purchase of Fixed Assets |2,20,000 | |Sale of Machinery |25,000 |Equity Shares Dividends |45,000 | |Funds from Operation |3,16,000 |Preference Shares Dividends |16,000 | | | |Investments |50,000 | | | |Increase in Working Capital [Balancing |55,000 | | | |Fig. | | | |4,91,000 | |4,91,000 | Illustration: Following are the Comparative Balance Sheets of Goodluck Ltd. as at 31st March: BALANCE SHEET |Liability |1997 |1998 |Asset |1997 |1998 | | |Rs. |Rs. | |Rs. |Rs. | |Share Capital |10,00,000 |11,00,000 |Goodwill |50,000 |40,000 | |Debentures |5,0 0,000 |3,00,000 |Land |4,20,000 |6,60,000 | |Gen. Reserves |2,00,000 |2,00,000 |Machinery |6,00,000 |8,00,000 | |P L A/c |1,10,000 |1,90,000 |Stock |2,50,000 |2,10,000 | |Prov. for Tax |40,000 |1,10,000 |Debtors [Good] |3,00,000 |2,40,000 | |Creditors |50,000 |40,000 |Preliminary Exp’s |30,000 |20,000 | |Bills Payable |20,000 |30,000 |Cash |3,00,000 |24,000 | |Prov. or Doubtful debts |30,000 |24,000 | | | | | |19,50,000 |19,94,000 | |19,50,000 |19,94,000 | Additional Information: 1. During the year 1998, a part of machine costing Rs. 7,500 [accumulated depreciation thereon being Rs. 2,500] was sold for Rs. 3,000. 2. Income tax of 1997 was paid in 1998 Rs. 40,000. This is to be disclosed in the Funds statement. 3. Depreciation on Machinery for 1998 was provided at Rs. 50,000 Prepare: 1. A Statement of changes in Working Capital. 2. A Funds Flow Statement. Solution: Step 1: Schedule of changes in Working Capital Particulars |1997 |1998 |Increase [+] |Decrease [-] | |Current Assets | | | | | |Sto ck |2,50,000 |2,10,000 | |40,000 | |Debtors |3,00,000 |2,40,000 | |60,000 | |Cash |3,00,000 |24,000 | |2,76,000 | |A. Total Current Assets |8,50,000 |4,74,000 |             | | | | | | | | |Current Liabilities | | | | | |Creditors |50,000 |40,000 |10,000 | | |Bills Payable |20,000 |30,000 | |10,000 | |Prov. for Doubtful debts |30,000 |24,000 |6,000 | | |B. Total Current Liabilities |1,00,000 |94,000 | | | |Working Capital [A – B] |7,50,000 |3,80,000 | | | |Decrease in Working capital | |3,70,000 |3,70,000 | | |Total |7,50,000 |7,50,000 |3,86,000 |3,86,000 | Step 2: Ledger Accounts for all Non-Current Assets and Liabilities Goodwill A/c |Particulars |Rs. |Particulars |Rs. | |To Op. Balance B/d |50,000 |By Adjusted P L A/c |10,000 | | | |[Goodwill written-off] | | | | |By Cl. Balance C/d |40,000 | | | |[6,20,000 + 1,90,000] | | | |50,000 | |50,000 | Land A/c |Particulars |Rs. |Particulars |Rs. | |To Op. Balance B/d |4,20,000 |By Cl. Balance C/d |6,60,000 | |To Cash A/c [Purchases] [Trf. o Fund flow |2,40,000 | | | |Stnt. – Bal. Fig. ] | | | | | |6,60,000 | |6,60,000 | Preliminary Expenses A/c |Particulars |Rs. |Particulars |Rs. | |To Op. Balance B/d |30,000 |By Adjusted P L A/c [Written off] |10,000 | | | |By Cl. Balance C/d |20,000 | | |30,000 | |30,000 | Share Capital A/c |Particulars |Rs. |Particulars |Rs. | |To Cl. Balance C/d |11,00,000 |By Op. Balance B/d |10,00,000 | | | |By Cash a/c [Issue of Shares] [Trf. to Fund|1,00,000 | | | |Flow  Stnt. – Balancing Fig. | | | |11,00,000 | |11,00,000 | Machinery A/c |Particulars |Rs. |Particulars |Rs. | |To Op. Balance B/d |6. 00,000 |By Cash A/c [Sale] [Transfer to Fund Flow |3,000 | | | |Stnt] | | |To Cash A/c [Purchases] [Trf. to Fund flow |2,57,500 |By Revised P L A/c [Depreciation] |50,000 | |Stnt. – Bal. Fig. | | | | | | |By Revised P L A/c [Depreciation] |2,500 | | | |By Adjusted P L A/c |2,000 | | | |[Loss on sale] | | | | |By Cl. Balance C/d |8,00,000 | | |8,57,500 | |8,57,500 | Debentures A/c |Particulars |Rs. |Particulars |Rs. |To Cash A/c [Redemption] |2,00,000 |By Op. Balance B/d |5,00,000 | |[Transfer to Fund Flow Stnt] | | | | |To Cl. Balance C/d |3,00,000 | | | | |5,00,000 | |5,00,000 | Provision for Tax A/c |Particulars |Rs. |Particulars |Rs. | |To Cash A/c [Income Tax Paid] |40,000 |By Op. Balance B/d |40,000 | |[Transfer to Fund Flow Stnt] | | | | |To Cl. Balance C/d |1,10,000 |By Adjusted P L A/c |1,10,000 | | | |[Prov. made Balancing Fig. ] | | | |1,50,000 | |1,50,000 | General Reserve A/c |Particulars |Rs. |Particulars |Rs. | |To Cl. Balance C/d |2,00,000 |By Op. Balance B/d |2,00000 | | |2,00,000 | |2,00,000 | Step 3: Adjusted Profit and Loss A/c |Particulars |Rs. |Particulars |Rs. | |To Provision for Tax |1,10,000 |By Balance C/d |1,10,000 | |To Preliminary Exp’s written-off |10,000 |By Funds from Operation [Balancing Fig. ] |2,64,500 | |To Depreciation on Machinery |50,000 | | | |To Depreciation on Machinery |2,500 | | | |To Loss on sale of Machinery |2,000 | | | |To Goodwill written-off |10,000 | | | |To Balance C/d |1,90,000 | | | | |3,74,500 | |3,74,500 | Step 4: Funds Flow Statement |Sources |Rs. |Applications |Rs. |Sale of Machinery |3,000 |Purchase of Land |2,40,000 | |Issue of Shares |1,00,000 |Purchase of Machinery |2,57,500 | |Funds from Operation |2,64,500 |Redemption of Debentures |2,00,000 | |Decrease in Working Capital [Balancing |3,70,000 |Income Tax paid |40,000 | |Fig. ] | | | | | |7,37,500 | |7,37,500 | Illustration: Following is the Balance Sheet of Tayco as on December 31st, 1998 and 1999: BALANCE SHEET |Liability |1998 |1999 |Asset |1998 |1999 | | |Rs. |Rs. | |Rs. |Rs. |Share Capital |2,00,000 |2,50,000 |Land Bldng. |2,00,000 |1,90,000 | |Gen. Reserves |50,000 |60,000 |Machinery |1,50,000 |1,69,000 | |P L A/c |30,500 |30,600 |Stock |1,00,000 |74,000 | |Bank Loan |70,000 |- |Sdry. Debtors | 80,000 |64,200 | |Sundry Creditors |1,50,000 |1,35,200 |Cash |500 |600 | |Prov. or Taxation |30,000 |35,000 |Bank |- |8,000 | | | | |Goodwill | |5,000 | | | | | | | | | |5,30,500 |5,10,800 | |5,30,500 |5,10,800 | Additional Information: 1. During the year ended December 1999: a. Dividend of Rs,23,000 was paid and b. Asseets of another Company were purchased for a consideration of Rs. 50,000 payable in Shasres. 2. The following Assets were purchased: a. Stock Rs. 20,000. b. Machinery Rs. 25,000, additional purchase Rs. 8,000. c. Depreciation written-off on Machinery Rs. 12,000. d. Income tax paid during the year Rs. 33,000 e. Loss on sale of machine Rs. 200 was written-off to General Reserve You are required to prepare the Statement of Fund Flow Solution: Step 1: Schedule of changes in Working Capital |Particulars |1997 |1998 |Increase [+] |Decrease [-] | |Current Assets | | | | | |Stock |1,00,000 |74,000 | |26,000 | |Sdry. Debtors |80,000 |64,200 | |15,800 | |Cash |500 |600 |100 | | |Bank |- |8,000 |8,000 | | |A. Total Current Assets |1,80,500 |1,46,800 |             | | |Current Liabilities | | | | | |Sdry
Monday, November 25, 2019
Reducing the Military essays
Reducing the Military essays With the end of the Cold War Americas armed forces are too large and expensive to maintain while in an era of peace. The roles of the military has changed, and the United States has come to the conclusion that military might no longer means having the larger force. Politicians have initiated the closure of bases, the reduced production by defense contractors, the decrease in military and civilian personnel. The actions taken to reduce the military has left dwindling numbers, and this must be changed to ensure that the U.S. military continues to be a mighty super power. The idea of a smaller military was not even considered during the Cold War, but today the treat to America is at a all-time low. This has sparked politicians to restructure the forces and reduce the spending needed to maintain those forces. These reductions are based on the budget spending what is not cost effective to the U.S. and the public. The cost cutting needs to be done, without too large of an effect on the employed personnel, whether military or civilian (ORourke, 2). Though the reductions in the forces still needs to be made, careful monitoring of the amounts of The reductions in personnel have gone past the recommended limit set Congress, and have created a greater need for personnel. If a conflict were to happen to day, the U.S. could only send four heavy divisions, compared to the seven sent during the Gulf War. This greatly decreases Americas ability to thwart an attack from several different countries at one time. This idea of sustaining several conflicts at one time has been a major Because the U.S. is the last great superpower, it is a very large target, and when involvement is needed to aid others the forces are diminished the ability to be an effective deterrent. Analysts have seen an increased demand for the continued policing actions that ...
Friday, November 22, 2019
Modernism in Music and Politics and Culture in Postwar France Essay
Modernism in Music and Politics and Culture in Postwar France - Essay Example London: MacMillan, 1999, pp. 84-85) 1. General Contents: This article discusses the existentialism school of thought that was prevalent in post-World War II France. Sartre introduces a school of thought that is called commitment, but in the end he has to adjust his notions to include the textual reality into his ideas2. 2. Qualifications: Jean-Paul Sartre was a playwright, novelist, and philosopher who lived between 1905 and 1980. 3. Evaluation of Credibility: Sartre was an influential figure in Post World War II France. He held on to his revolutionary beliefs concerning politics, and human existence. His stance on these matters drew controversy; yet he at the same time had an attachment to the traditional modes of cultural expression. His ideas were of relevance to, and appealed to the contemporary world. He developed a secular form of existentialism. His ideas insisted that existence comes before essence, and rejected the supernatural. He was of the opinion that modern culture was saturated with existentialism, as an intellectual movement. 4. Intended Audience: This essay is very helpful to everyone who is concerned about the way pertinent issues in the society can be addressed. By following the arguments that Sartreans, and the opposing writers and intellectuals advanced; one is able to understand how literature can be used to influence society3. The article is an interesting read, very insightful. In my opinion though, one should read it with an open mind. When one has a preformed ideology, then personal biases may prevent them from appreciating the factors that were inherent of the opposing sides. ESSAY MODERNISM To... This "Modernism in Music and Politics and Culture in Postwar France" outlines the existentialism school of thought that was prevalent in post-World War II France. Sartre introduces a school of thought that is called commitment, but in the end, he has to adjust his notions to include the textual reality into his ideas. To some writers, musical modernism extends from around 1890 to the 1930s. The period after that is often referred to as the post-modernism era. Industrialization, technological advances, and scientific discoveries that were taking place at the time of early musical modernism, meant radical reforms in musical expression. Individuals were trying to come to grips with a society which was becoming increasingly complex. Leon Botstein was of the opinion that alienation and isolation of individuals had resulted in heightened sensitivity. The intensity of personal emotions was concomitant, and it accompanied the sense of discontinuity, and newness that pervaded the first years of the century . Rhythmic strands were layered, and they started being based on two, or more metric frameworks that run concurrently. He asserted that the domination of industry, science, and technology was a characteristic feature of the modernism era. In addition to this, mechanization, nationalization, urbanization, positivism, and mass culture all had a role to play in influencing musical styles of this time. Several aspects of music changed during this time. The language of music and tonal organization were revolutionized.
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
Research Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Research - Case Study Example (Baer, 34) Implementing a fixed exchange rate in Brazil is not a plausible concept because the value of the currency is constantly decreasing with the constant flooding of the currency in the market. The availability of the currency has prompted the currency to continuously lose its value, hence the increase in inflation (Taylor, 76). The same strategy (of using a fixed system) was applied in Zimbabwe, but the country succumbed to the harsh nature of inflation, this led to the country disregarding the local currency and using US Dollars instead. The URV or Unidade Real de Valor is a currency that is used in Brazil that is not subjected to the effects of inflation in Brazil. The aim was to absorb the effects of inflation in the country. The Brazil government implemented a fixed exchange rate for the URV to the Dollar (1 URV = 1 USD). However, the main problem was the fact that obtaining the URV was expensive as compared to using cruzerios reais, which is widely used in Brazil (1 URV = CR$ 2,750). The demand for the URV has only served to increase the exchange rate, and it is playing its part in the inflation that has plagued Brazil. (Blanchard, 54) Implementing a free-floating exchange rate will allow the currency to trade based on the conditions and regulations that are implemented in the market. The advantage is that the exchange rate will be stabilized by these market forces hence serve to regulate the exchange in the best interest of the market. However, the major disadvantage is that, excess freedom in the market, may encourage cartels to manipulate the exchange rate to their advantage, which may inconvenience other players in the market. Implementing both fixed and free-floating exchange rate mechanisms would be the ideal setting for the market. There should be freedom in the market that will allow the market to determine the suitable exchange rate for the operations of the market (Lagassa, 98). The
Monday, November 18, 2019
Hospitality Facilities Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Hospitality Facilities Management - Essay Example As mentioned above, construction methods and materials greatly affect the environment, however, as a result of ongoing research in building technology and resulting breakthroughs have enabled Hotel industry to bring environment friendly buildings. Resort amenities too, are becoming more ‘environment friendly.’ For example, Golf resorts are using non chemical pesticides for its golf courses. A number of them are using golf carts powered by alternative energy sources. Awareness as to how to protect the natural environment is on the rise and more and more hotels are becoming environment friendly or ‘Green.’ An increasing number of hotels are taking measures like creating services or products that help guests with the problems emanating from the environment for example treated rooms for chemically sensitive or allergy prone people. Also, selecting suppliers with good reputation and established standards for helping environmental preservation. Hotel and Resort brands the world over are developing service concepts that can be called ‘green.’ Asian hotels are taking a lead in developing green services and products and branding them as environment friendly. In the Caribbean, the lodging sector is leading the world in number of certified environment friendly hotels. New models of niche luxury ecotourism resorts are being developed emanating from the Maho Bay camp in St.John in the Caribbean, which is supposedly world’s first ‘eco tourist resort.’
Saturday, November 16, 2019
The Importance Of Personal Networks Social Work Essay
The Importance Of Personal Networks Social Work Essay Personal networks are an important factor in peoples daily lives. People who are embeded in a network of personal relationships experience a higher level of well-being than those who are socially isolated.The following is a critical reflection analysis about themes that I found to be most meaningful during the course of the term. The themes include the importance of a social network for the older adult, as well as how this type of network can impact their quality of life. An exploration of these themes will be provided using literature along with my own personal experience. This reflection will highlight the insight that I have gained from this analysis as it relates to my future nursing practice. In addition this reflection will address nursing implications for providing superior client relations. Exploration of Themes Social relationships of older adults along with their access to social support networks can influence the general health and well being of this population ( ). The existences of social support networks are important for the older adults identity, self-respect, social integration, feeling of security, companionship, as well as practical and emotional support. For example, my grandparents live alone, however, at the same time they have a network of friends, relatives and inter-faith community members on which they can depend on. On the other hand, my neighbour who is 76 years and widowed, is isolated from meaningful and supportive social relationships. My insight into the plight of the elderly, combined with my compassion towards this vulnerable population, compels me to visit her home and spend prolonged time in conversation. We talk at length about her day, her baking, and her fond memories. My neighbour often expresses a deep sense of appreciation for my frequent visits and I feel s atisfacation that she allows me to participate in her enthusiasm and happiness. A social network can stimulate the mind of the older adult as well as increase their level of energy and motivation. If the older adult lacks the support of a social network, it can often lead to isolation and depression ( ). There are a variety of social factors that contribute to an older adult being socially isolated. This includes being female, having a low income, being widowed or divorced, are experiencing family conflicts, and lastly who are experiencing ageism (BC article). According to these criteria, my neighbour is definitely at risk of being socially isolated. Evidence suggests that there are health promoting effects of social relationships. Socially isolated older adults have a two-fold increase in mortality from all causes (Jeannette, 2009). A lack of social support among the older adult population has been associated with a variety of adverse health outcomes in older age, ranging from depression and self-harm, to deteriorating physical health. (Jeanneate) (Dennis et al ., 2005). Research supports that various types of social support from different sources are associated with positive health outcomes. Social relationships are also thought to be a key factor in psychological health including an individuals happiness and subjective well being (tomaka). In a study that looked at the ranking of importance of different aspects of life for adults over the age of 65, they consistently ranked their relationships with their family and friends as the second most important factor after their health (Kobayashi, Cloutier-Fisher Roth, 2008). Among the older adult population, the social integration and overall participation in society are considered vital indicators of productive and health ageing ( ). According to the World Health Organization (2003), social support for the older adult population has a strong protective effect on overall health and can influence their quality of life (QOL). The QOL for the older adult that have chronic illnesses and who live at home are highly influenced by the presence of and the accessibility to social networks. Therefore, finding ways to help older adults engage in social networks that are productive and enjoyable is an important aspect of ageing. Future Nursing Practice and Nursing Implications Throughout my analysis, I have gained a great deal of insight with regard to the importance of a having a social network and its impact on the QOL of older adults. It has increased my awareness and compassion to the importance of friends, family and community support in creating a social network for the older adult in order to maintain or increase their overall QOL. It is important to reduce the amount of isolation that older adults face even those that have families. In practice, it is paramount for nurses to be aware of the older adults social support networks, along with advocating for the creation of further networks in order to tailor to the complex needs of older adults. Upon reflection, I would use Newmans theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness as my approach when I consider the importance of ensuring that social support networks are in place for my clients prior to discharge from a hospital. Newman (2004) describes human beings as open energy systems in constant interac tion with the environment. Therefore, the way for nurses to understand the health of an older adult is by understanding the individuals pattern of relating to the environment. Thus being said, the social network of an adult is crucial to reduce dependency among the older adult population by improving time spent with this group and having more interaction with the elderly (Souraya LeClerc, 2008) In conclusion, despite the salience of recent studies devoted to ageism that examines social support and well-being, this body of nursing research has paid limited attention to the increasing prevalence of social isolation among older adults in Canada or its relationship with health status. More research is needed in these areas as older adult Canadians are living longer, alone, and with a reduced number of social contacts (McPherson, 2004). Social isolation is not an easy topic for policy. It is a problem that cannot be identified with more familiar social topics as education, economic independence, societal participation and social cohesion. Nurses need to advocate on the importance of gaining emotional, practical and relational support for this population. This reflection has brought up the issue of mental health among the older adult population. From a personal standpoint, it saddens me to see the lack of interaction that exist among the older adult population suffering from a mental illness. I believe that further attention needs to be focused in this area by creating more social support programs and increasing access to these services for this cohort. As a result of this experience I have become more professionally attentive to my interactions with the older adult client on the units that I am working on. Being empathetic has made me realize that it must be challenging for the older adult to be looked after as they were once independent individuals who could take care of themselves. I can see how nurses can become frustrated with this population combined with a heavy workload, but I do feel that this population carries with them a lot of wealth and wisdom. Introduction Identification of theme(s) in your reflective writing. Exploration and analysis of themes that are most meaningful to you Significant learning or insights gained from your analysis that will guide your practice Nursing implications Choose any 2 topics; use references; combination reflection + scholarly Jeannette, G., et al. (2009). Loneliness, social support networks, mood and wellbeing in community-dwelling elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry,24 (7): 694- 700. Tomaka, J., Thompson, S., Palacios, S. (2006). The relation of social isolation, loneliness, and social support to disease outcomes among the elderly. Journal of Ageing and Health, 18(3), 359-384. Kobayashi, K., Cloutier-Fisher, D., Roth, M. (2008). Making meaningful connections: a profile of social isolation and health among older adults in small town and small city, British Columbia. Journal of aging and health, 21(2), 374. When measuring the level of access that older adults have to social support networks or the risk of social isolation, it can provide a valuable means to gathering information on their living arrangements (stats can).
Wednesday, November 13, 2019
Progression and the Structure of The Blue Hotel :: Blue Hotel Essays
Progression and the Structure of The Blue Hotel In his essay, Robert F. Gleckner discusses progression, as it is related to the structure of "The Blue Hotel." He follows the progression of power and control in the story, as it shifts to different characters. Gleckner also follows the progression of the storm outside and how it symbolizes a natural force that will always be more powerful than human control. In the beginning of "The Blue Hotel," Scully has the power, as he "practically makes [his three guests] prisoners. They are "conducted" into the Blue Hotel. At this time the Swede feels weak and nervous in the unfamiliar territory and scared of "The West." Scully shows his power over the paranoid Swede by saying, "If anybody has troubled you I will take care of him. This is my house. You are under my roof, and I will not allow any peaceable man to be troubled here." As the story progresses, Scully loses control, and the power shifts to the Swede. Gleckner states, "With his final gesture of warm comradeship, the offer of his private whiskey, Scully loses control completely. . .the Swede regains control of himself and will now try to extend it, like Scully, to all men." When they return to the card game the Swede shows his control subtly by sitting where he wants and getting his own drink. Scully tries to regain his control by talking about the guests "under his roof," but the Swede continues to exert his power by insisting on another game High-Five. During this next game, control shifts between characters. Gleckner writes, "the cowboy and the Swede whack the board in violent control; Johnnie cheats to control; the Easterner allows the others to control by remaining silent." During the fight as well, each character tries to gain control, "Scully by refereeing, the cowboy by restraining the Swede, the Easterner by pleading to end the fight, all thr ee of them by cheering." As these shifts of control occur, Gleckner analyzes the storm. He writes about how "Crane suggests a greater force imminent, ready to take over at any moment. . .The storm takes over, dashing the cards 'helplessly' against the wall, ripping words away from the lips of Scully and the Swede, overshadowing and surrounding the entire fight." Gleckner believes Crane is showing that even as the human characters fight for control, there will always be a more powerful natural force.
Monday, November 11, 2019
Ballet or Football
Ashley Barnes Allie D. Rogers Engl 1010- 431 October 1, 2012 Ballet or Football? Ballet and football are both difficult sports to master; however, someone once said, â€Å"If ballet were any easier, they’d call it football. †What makes for a good sport? Every sport has rules and regulations that one must follow in order to play. The sport requires specific skills such as strength, coordination, and speed. A good sport has a certain level of safety to keep the participants safe and requires a lot of teamwork so that every is playing together. I personally think ballet is the more technical of the two.Ballet is much more complex than football. Every sport requires you to follow certain guidelines. In football, the player can’t grab the opponent in certain ways or a yellow flag will be thrown on the ground to indicate holding or some penalty that no one has even heard of before. Football has rules that the team must obey. On the other hand, ballet is less restricte d than football. They are no rules in ballet. Ballet is a form of art; there are no limitations on art. Ballet is not about winning or following any rules; it is about expression through movement.Although there is more freedom in ballet, there is a lot of technique required. You must hold your arms a certain way so that they do not droop, and you must always remember the turn out of your thigh when you tendu. Ballet may not have rules, but there are still plenty of little details to remember. Strength is a major component of almost any sport. In football, the quarterback relies on two hundred and fifty pound linemen to block so that he can get the ball in the end zone. The defensive linemen have to use their upper body strength to hold the opposing team and keep them from getting to the ball.They use their lower body to stand strong to hold their ground like grabbing a bull by the horns. Ballet requires a totally different kind of strength than football does. Dancers use their upper bodies to hold their arms above their heads in a perfect beach ball shaped fifth position while still keeping their shoulders down for thirty minutes at a time. They use their lower body strength to push out of a plie to a pique turn and have to maintain the core strength, so they do not wobble too much. Football does not require much coordination.It wasn’t a sport that was meant to be pretty. It was meant to be rough and rugged for the manliest of men. While watching the game, half of the time you don’t even know if they meant to fall down or if they just happen to be clumsy enough to fall over their own two feet. It tends to be one big dog pile play after play. In ballet, coordination is everything. Dancers must make sure they are in the exact spot that they are supposed to be at and be in sync with every other dancer on the stage. Pierce Brosnan said, â€Å"Love is a lot like dancing; you just surrender to the music†(Willcutt).Every beat must be a white fla g waving and show complete dedication to the music. Dancers have to be coordinated enough to do long elaborate pieces of choreography while still maintaining a smile on their faces. Ballerinas must make every single movement appear effortless. In football, speed is very important when a wide receiver is trying to run the ball down the field. It is his speed that helps him to pass by the other players in lightning speed so fast that they do not even know what hit them. I know what you’re thinking†¦. why would you need speed in ballet?However, not one ballerina would ever dream of doing a slow fouette, a move in which you whip your leg around to spin. It would be a disaster. Fouettes are meant to be fast to get your body around faster to make your pirouettes prettier. Speed and extreme focus is what makes a ballerina capable of turning. Although countless football players get hurt yearly, they have equipment that is specifically designed to keep them from serious injury. F ootball players risk injury every time they step foot out on that field, but if they fall down, their equipment is there to take the majority of the impact.Safety is important in any sport you play; that is why in football the players wear pads and helmets for protection. However, dancers must maintain a flawless posture to keep from injuring themselves. There is no special equipment for a dancer to use to keep themselves to safe. A dancer must rely on stretching to warm up his or her muscles. Dancers have to take every good care of their ankles and knees because they are constantly at risk of injury. If a dancer twists her ankle on stage during a performance, she doesn’t call in the second string.She sucks it up, puts on a brave face, and keeps on dancing. Teamwork is important in football because if you don’t read your guards, then you are liable to screw the entire play up. The player must know what the play is and what exact role everyone is going to play. The play ers huddle up before each play to strategize against the other team. They break off and have to rely on their teammates to do what is required of them. Vince Lombardi said, â€Å"People who work together will win, whether it be against complex football defenses, or the problems of modern society†(Family of Vince).When you think of the word team, you don’t exactly picture a group of ballerinas dancing on a shiny hardwood stage. You stereotypically think of the Pittsburg Steelers or some other NFL team. However, in ballet, every dancer is part of a team. You have to be so in tune with one another that as soon as the music begins, everyone begins to dance as if a bunch of puppets moving on strings. If one â€Å"teammate†loses rhythm then the whole performance suffers. Dancers rehearse with their fellow dancers for weeks and weeks to perfect their dance so that it will be flawless.In the end, ballet and football require a great amount of passion and determination. If you do not have the heart, you will not be willing to put in the blood, sweat, and tears that it takes to pursue the sport whole-heartedly. Although football may be a little easier, both sports demand a lot of hard work. Works Cited Family of Vince Lombardi c/o Luminary Group LLC. â€Å"Famous Quotes by Vince Lombardi. †Vince Lombardi. 2010. Web. October 4, 2012. Willcutt, Sara. â€Å"Dance Quotes 3. †Ascending Star Dance- An Internet Dance Magazine. 2007. Web. October 4, 2012.
Saturday, November 9, 2019
To Kill A Mockingbird Theme essays
To Kill A Mockingbird Theme essays I find it very ironic how some people get away with actions that are wrong or different. Although times have changed and always will in the future, their are many situations that call for the rules or laws to be bent. Personally, I come across these situations daily and still say, Thats not fair! and Why do they get to get away with that? After thinking it over a while, I usually conclude that its probably for the better, even though others dont agree. Lees To Kill A Mockingbird also shows us some examples. At school, Scout and Miss Caroline meet Burris Ewell. Burris is obviously a troublemaker and causes Miss Caroline much distress. He ends up walking out of school on the first day. This did not alarm the most of the students because most of them knew about the Ewells situation. That night, Atticus explained to Scout that the Ewells had never done as honest days work. The truant officer said that after they were on roll the first day that she had done her job. Atticus said that its silly to force someone into a new environment and in this case, its better to bend the law. This idea of bending the law also applies to one of Boos situations. On Halloween night, a pageant was held instead of the usually festivities. Just about everyone in town was present, including Scout dressed as a ham. After the event was over, Atticus allowed Jem and Scout to walk home through the forest alone. As they were making their way through, they were attacked by a person who turned out to by Bob Ewell. He attacked both the children, knocking Jem out. Then suddenly, a dark mysterious figure appeared and started to struggle with Bob Ewell. It was later confirmed that this unknown figure was in fact Boo Radley. Boo ended up Ewell by stabbing him, and then carrying Jem home to bed. When the sheriff and Atticus performed a primary investiga...
Wednesday, November 6, 2019
Totalitarianism in Poland essays
Totalitarianism in Poland essays The Totalitarian dictatorships possess many traits or trait clusters to which I am going to apply to Poland. I will compare this ideology of totalitarianism with the novels Ashes (1) The first trait of totalitarianism is that it an elaborate ideology, consisting of an official body of doctrine covering all vital aspects of mans existence to which everyone living in that society is supposed to adhere. It is set upon radical rejection of the existing society with conquest of the world for the new one. There is no government like totalitarian dictatorship has been ever existed, because regimes lack the traits in a large extent. In Poland it was the ideology of Marxism to which every student in Poland we required to read it. This was the doctrine that used to control the aspect of society. In 1939 Russia (then allied with Germany) invaded from the east, and the country was divided between Germany and Russia. When Germany attacked the USSR in 1941, all of Poland came under German rule. Massacres, starvation, and concentration camps decimated the population of Poland. Poland was the only country to combat Germany from the first day of the Polish invasion until the end of the war in Europe. In Poland itself, most elements of resistance to the German regime organized under the banner of the Home Army (AK). The AK became one of the largest and most effective underground movements of World War II. Commanding popular support, it functioned as a force, conducting a vigorous campaign of sabotage and intelligence gathering, and as a means of social defense against the invaders. (2) The second trait of totalitarianism is that it contains a single mass party typically led by one man the dictator,&quo...
Monday, November 4, 2019
Management verses leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Management verses leadership - Essay Example Responsibility and accountability for the use of organizational resources accompany the power accorded to a manager or director. In contrast, the term leader implies effective use of influence that is somewhat independent of the formal authority granted to an individual because of position. Leadership cannot be granted to a person by a higher authority; rather, those who decide to follow bestow it on an individual. While managers have formal authority, leaders have the informal ability to get things done by attracting and influencing followers. Effective managers in any organizations must be leaders also, and many leaders become managers, leaders, and directors. The two sets of roles and functions, however, differ (Steven, 2001). If we have to list out the qualities a good leader should possess, the first and foremost is that leaders are good listeners. An effective leader listens emphatically. He welcomes ideas and inputs from his team. This promotes harmony within the team. Leaders are good decision makers. An effective leader, who is focused, authentic, courageous and emphatic, must also have the proper timing in making and executing decisions. Time management is the important parts of good leadership. It is also important to set an example to the team through proper time management. A leader must have talent or specific skills at some task at han... He must be a role model, someone who leads by example. Self-knowledge and self-awareness are also essential characteristics. A leader trusts in his team and motivates them for high performance. A good leader is always generous in praising and recognizing each individual who is a performer and appreciate all contributions, big and small. A leader must project fearlessness in facing challenges. A leader must stand firm even in the presence of criticisms, but still having the courage to admit his mistakes (Smith, 2005).The most important attribute for a leader is being principle-centered. Centering on principles that are universal and timeless provides a foundation and compass to guide every decision and every act. All enduring philosophies, religions and thoughts are based on principles such as integrity, compassion, trust, honesty, accountability and others at their core. (Khan, 2005). Management and the roles of Managers in Organizations A typical definition is that "manager's work toward the organization's goals using its resources in an effective and efficient manner." In any organizations, different levels of managers are present they include top managers, middle managers and first-line managers. Top (or executive) managers are responsible for overseeing the whole organization and typically engage in more strategic and conceptual matters, with less attention to day-to-day detail. Top managers have middle managers working for them and who are in charge of a major function or department. Middle managers may have first-line managers working for them and who are responsible to manage the day-to-day activities of a group of workers (McNamara, 1999). For a healthy organization it is essential to have both good leaders as well as good managers.
Saturday, November 2, 2019
How Do We Use Stories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words
How Do We Use Stories - Essay Example Stories are also powerful. They enchant, delight, recall, touch, teach, motivate, inspire and challenge us. They help us understand certain things by creating pictures in our minds. Our lives revolve around stories, and as such, they move us and make us feel alive. Our appetite for stories is a demonstration of our insatiable desire to understand life patterns, an understanding that in addition to providing an ideal intellectual exercise also provides a personal emotional experience. Thus stories offers a platform through which we can reach out to people, and connect with them emotionally. It is therefore imperative that we understand the various forms and occasions that we use stories, the objectives we want to achieve, and the means we employ in our quest for achieving the said objective. The primary motive of a story is to capture a moment or event and then immortalize it. This is how information regarding various cultures and occurrences that took place way before the advent of writing passed down through generations, until this day we are able to either read them in books, or listen to people narrate them. These stories, whether we hear them or read them, have several aspects that tend to remain unchanged over time. For instance, a good number of stories we hear or read focus on human beings, the people. Be it ancient tales or modern stories delivered in a setting such as in an organization, or a story focusing on the environment or of the times before humans came to be, the central focus remains the people, in the form of characters at play, and by extension, the audience. All stories maintain this focus on the people in order to remain relevant, attract the listener or the readers’ attention, and thus pass the information, which as aforementioned, could b e to educate, or just to preserve facts and ideas about the community. Stories also stir up emotions. The preservation of an event or occurrence
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